=====================================
Cross Site Request Forgery protection
=====================================

.. module:: django.middleware.csrf
   :synopsis: Protects against Cross Site Request Forgeries

The CSRF middleware and template tag provides easy-to-use protection against
`Cross Site Request Forgeries`_. This type of attack occurs when a malicious
website contains a link, a form button or some JavaScript that is intended to
perform some action on your website, using the credentials of a logged-in user
who visits the malicious site in their browser. A related type of attack,
'login CSRF', where an attacking site tricks a user's browser into logging into
a site with someone else's credentials, is also covered.

The first defense against CSRF attacks is to ensure that GET requests (and
other 'safe' methods, as defined by :rfc:`9110#section-9.2.1`) are side effect
free. Requests via 'unsafe' methods, such as POST, PUT, and DELETE, can then be
protected by the steps outlined in :ref:`using-csrf`.

.. _Cross Site Request Forgeries: https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/csrf#overview

.. _how-csrf-works:

How it works
============

The CSRF protection is based on the following things:

#. A CSRF cookie that is a random secret value, which other sites will not have
   access to.

   ``CsrfViewMiddleware`` sends this cookie with the response whenever
   ``django.middleware.csrf.get_token()`` is called. It can also send it in
   other cases. For security reasons, the value of the secret is changed each
   time a user logs in.

#. A hidden form field with the name 'csrfmiddlewaretoken', present in all
   outgoing POST forms.

   In order to protect against `BREACH`_ attacks, the value of this field is
   not simply the secret. It is scrambled differently with each response using
   a mask. The mask is generated randomly on every call to ``get_token()``, so
   the form field value is different each time.

   This part is done by the :ttag:`csrf_token` template tag.

#. For all incoming requests that are not using HTTP GET, HEAD, OPTIONS or
   TRACE, a CSRF cookie must be present, and the 'csrfmiddlewaretoken' field
   must be present and correct. If it isn't, the user will get a 403 error.

   When validating the 'csrfmiddlewaretoken' field value, only the secret,
   not the full token, is compared with the secret in the cookie value.
   This allows the use of ever-changing tokens. While each request may use its
   own token, the secret remains common to all.

   This check is done by ``CsrfViewMiddleware``.

#. ``CsrfViewMiddleware`` verifies the `Origin header`_, if provided by the
   browser, against the current host and the :setting:`CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS`
   setting. This provides protection against cross-subdomain attacks.

#. In addition, for HTTPS requests, if the ``Origin`` header isn't provided,
   ``CsrfViewMiddleware`` performs strict referer checking. This means that
   even if a subdomain can set or modify cookies on your domain, it can't force
   a user to post to your application since that request won't come from your
   own exact domain.

   This also addresses a man-in-the-middle attack that's possible under HTTPS
   when using a session independent secret, due to the fact that HTTP
   ``Set-Cookie`` headers are (unfortunately) accepted by clients even when
   they are talking to a site under HTTPS. (Referer checking is not done for
   HTTP requests because the presence of the ``Referer`` header isn't reliable
   enough under HTTP.)

   If the :setting:`CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN` setting is set, the referer is compared
   against it. You can allow cross-subdomain requests by including a leading
   dot. For example, ``CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN = '.example.com'`` will allow POST
   requests from ``www.example.com`` and ``api.example.com``. If the setting is
   not set, then the referer must match the HTTP ``Host`` header.

   Expanding the accepted referers beyond the current host or cookie domain can
   be done with the :setting:`CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS` setting.

This ensures that only forms that have originated from trusted domains can be
used to POST data back.

It deliberately ignores GET requests (and other requests that are defined as
'safe' by :rfc:`9110#section-9.2.1`). These requests ought never to have any
potentially dangerous side effects, and so a CSRF attack with a GET request
ought to be harmless. :rfc:`9110#section-9.2.1` defines POST, PUT, and DELETE
as 'unsafe', and all other methods are also assumed to be unsafe, for maximum
protection.

The CSRF protection cannot protect against man-in-the-middle attacks, so use
:ref:`HTTPS <security-recommendation-ssl>` with
:ref:`http-strict-transport-security`. It also assumes :ref:`validation of
the HOST header <host-headers-virtual-hosting>` and that there aren't any
:ref:`cross-site scripting vulnerabilities <cross-site-scripting>` on your site
(because XSS vulnerabilities already let an attacker do anything a CSRF
vulnerability allows and much worse).

.. admonition:: Removing the ``Referer`` header

    To avoid disclosing the referrer URL to third-party sites, you might want
    to `disable the referer`_ on your site's ``<a>`` tags. For example, you
    might use the ``<meta name="referrer" content="no-referrer">`` tag or
    include the ``Referrer-Policy: no-referrer`` header. Due to the CSRF
    protection's strict referer checking on HTTPS requests, those techniques
    cause a CSRF failure on requests with 'unsafe' methods. Instead, use
    alternatives like ``<a rel="noreferrer" ...>"`` for links to third-party
    sites.

.. _BREACH: https://www.breachattack.com/
.. _Origin header: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Origin
.. _disable the referer: https://www.w3.org/TR/referrer-policy/#referrer-policy-delivery

.. _csrf-limitations:

Limitations
===========

Subdomains within a site will be able to set cookies on the client for the
whole domain. By setting the cookie and using a corresponding token, subdomains
will be able to circumvent the CSRF protection. The only way to avoid this is
to ensure that subdomains are controlled by trusted users (or, are at least
unable to set cookies). Note that even without CSRF, there are other
vulnerabilities, such as session fixation, that make giving subdomains to
untrusted parties a bad idea, and these vulnerabilities cannot easily be fixed
with current browsers.

Utilities
=========

.. module:: django.views.decorators.csrf

The examples below assume you are using function-based views. If you
are working with class-based views, you can refer to :ref:`Decorating
class-based views<decorating-class-based-views>`.

.. function:: csrf_exempt(view)

    This decorator marks a view as being exempt from the protection ensured by
    the middleware. Example::

        from django.http import HttpResponse
        from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt


        @csrf_exempt
        def my_view(request):
            return HttpResponse("Hello world")

.. function:: csrf_protect(view)

    Decorator that provides the protection of
    :class:`~django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware` to a view.

    Usage::

        from django.shortcuts import render
        from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_protect


        @csrf_protect
        def my_view(request):
            c = {}
            # ...
            return render(request, "a_template.html", c)

.. function:: requires_csrf_token(view)

    Normally the :ttag:`csrf_token` template tag will not work if
    ``CsrfViewMiddleware.process_view`` or an equivalent like ``csrf_protect``
    has not run. The view decorator ``requires_csrf_token`` can be used to
    ensure the template tag does work. This decorator works similarly to
    ``csrf_protect``, but never rejects an incoming request.

    Example::

        from django.shortcuts import render
        from django.views.decorators.csrf import requires_csrf_token


        @requires_csrf_token
        def my_view(request):
            c = {}
            # ...
            return render(request, "a_template.html", c)

.. function:: ensure_csrf_cookie(view)

    This decorator forces a view to send the CSRF cookie.

Settings
========

A number of settings can be used to control Django's CSRF behavior:

* :setting:`CSRF_COOKIE_AGE`
* :setting:`CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN`
* :setting:`CSRF_COOKIE_HTTPONLY`
* :setting:`CSRF_COOKIE_NAME`
* :setting:`CSRF_COOKIE_PATH`
* :setting:`CSRF_COOKIE_SAMESITE`
* :setting:`CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE`
* :setting:`CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW`
* :setting:`CSRF_HEADER_NAME`
* :setting:`CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS`
* :setting:`CSRF_USE_SESSIONS`

Frequently Asked Questions
==========================

Is posting an arbitrary CSRF token pair (cookie and POST data) a vulnerability?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

No, this is by design. Without a man-in-the-middle attack, there is no way for
an attacker to send a CSRF token cookie to a victim's browser, so a successful
attack would need to obtain the victim's browser's cookie via XSS or similar,
in which case an attacker usually doesn't need CSRF attacks.

Some security audit tools flag this as a problem but as mentioned before, an
attacker cannot steal a user's browser's CSRF cookie. "Stealing" or modifying
*your own* token using Firebug, Chrome dev tools, etc. isn't a vulnerability.

Is it a problem that Django's CSRF protection isn't linked to a session by default?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

No, this is by design. Not linking CSRF protection to a session allows using
the protection on sites such as a *pastebin* that allow submissions from
anonymous users which don't have a session.

If you wish to store the CSRF token in the user's session, use the
:setting:`CSRF_USE_SESSIONS` setting.

Why might a user encounter a CSRF validation failure after logging in?
----------------------------------------------------------------------

For security reasons, CSRF tokens are rotated each time a user logs in. Any
page with a form generated before a login will have an old, invalid CSRF token
and need to be reloaded. This might happen if a user uses the back button after
a login or if they log in a different browser tab.
