===========================
Working with Git and GitHub
===========================

This section explains how the community can contribute code to Django via pull
requests. If you're interested in how :ref:`mergers <mergers-team>` handle
them, see :ref:`handling-pull-requests`.

Below, we are going to show how to create a GitHub pull request containing the
changes for Trac ticket #xxxxx. By creating a fully-ready pull request, you
will make the reviewer's job easier, meaning that your work is more likely to
be merged into Django.

You could also upload a traditional patch to Trac, but it's less practical for
reviews.

Installing Git
==============

Django uses `Git`_ for its source control. You can `download
<https://git-scm.com/download>`_ Git, but it's often easier to install with
your operating system's package manager.

Django's `Git repository`_ is hosted on `GitHub`_, and it is recommended
that you also work using GitHub.

After installing Git, the first thing you should do is set up your name and
email:

.. code-block:: shell

  $ git config --global user.name "Your Real Name"
  $ git config --global user.email "you@email.com"

Note that ``user.name`` should be your real name, not your GitHub nick. GitHub
should know the email you use in the ``user.email`` field, as this will be
used to associate your commits with your GitHub account.

.. _Git: https://git-scm.com/
.. _Git repository: https://github.com/django/django/
.. _GitHub: https://github.com/

Setting up local repository
===========================

When you have created your GitHub account, with the nick "GitHub_nick", and
`forked Django's repository <https://github.com/django/django/fork>`__,
create a local copy of your fork:

.. code-block:: shell

    git clone https://github.com/GitHub_nick/django.git

This will create a new directory "django", containing a clone of your GitHub
repository. The rest of the git commands on this page need to be run within the
cloned directory, so switch to it now:

.. code-block:: shell

    cd django

Your GitHub repository will be called "origin" in Git.

You should also set up ``django/django`` as an "upstream" remote (that is, tell
git that the reference Django repository was the source of your fork of it):

.. code-block:: shell

    git remote add upstream https://github.com/django/django.git
    git fetch upstream

You can add other remotes similarly, for example:

.. code-block:: shell

    git remote add akaariai https://github.com/akaariai/django.git

Working on a ticket
===================

When working on a ticket, create a new branch for the work, and base that work
on ``upstream/main``:

.. code-block:: shell

    git checkout -b ticket_xxxxx upstream/main

The -b flag creates a new branch for you locally. Don't hesitate to create new
branches even for the smallest things - that's what they are there for.

If instead you were working for a fix on the 1.4 branch, you would do:

.. code-block:: shell

    git checkout -b ticket_xxxxx_1_4 upstream/stable/1.4.x

Assume the work is carried on the ticket_xxxxx branch. Make some changes and
commit them:

.. code-block:: shell

    git commit

When writing the commit message, follow the :ref:`commit message
guidelines <committing-guidelines>` to ease the work of the merger. If you're
uncomfortable with English, try at least to describe precisely what the commit
does.

If you need to do additional work on your branch, commit as often as
necessary:

.. code-block:: shell

    git commit -m 'Added two more tests for edge cases.'

Publishing work
---------------

You can publish your work on GitHub by running:

.. code-block:: shell

  git push origin ticket_xxxxx

When you go to your GitHub page, you will notice a new branch has been created.

If you are working on a Trac ticket, you should mention in the ticket that
your work is available from branch ticket_xxxxx of your GitHub repo. Include a
link to your branch.

Note that the above branch is called a "topic branch" in Git parlance. You are
free to rewrite the history of this branch, by using ``git rebase`` for
example. Other people shouldn't base their work on such a branch, because
their clone would become corrupt when you edit commits.

There are also "public branches". These are branches other people are supposed
to fork, so the history of these branches should never change. Good examples
of public branches are the ``main`` and ``stable/A.B.x`` branches in the
``django/django`` repository.

When you think your work is ready to be pulled into Django, you should create
a pull request at GitHub. A good pull request means:

* commits with one logical change in each, following the
  :doc:`coding style </internals/contributing/writing-code/coding-style>`,

* well-formed messages for each commit: a summary line and then paragraphs
  wrapped at 72 characters thereafter -- see the :ref:`committing guidelines
  <committing-guidelines>` for more details,

* documentation and tests, if needed -- actually tests are always needed,
  except for documentation changes.

The test suite must pass and the documentation must build without warnings.

Once you have created your pull request, you should add a comment in the
related Trac ticket explaining what you've done. In particular, you should note
the environment in which you ran the tests, for instance: "all tests pass
under SQLite and MySQL".

Pull requests at GitHub have only two states: open and closed. The merger who
will deal with your pull request has only two options: merge it or close it.
For this reason, it isn't useful to make a pull request until the code is ready
for merging -- or sufficiently close that a merger will finish it themselves.

.. _editing-commit-messages:

Editing commit messages
-----------------------

To change the message of the most recent commit, run:

.. code-block:: shell

    git commit --amend

This opens an editor with the current commit message. Edit it, save, and close
to update the commit.

To change the message of an earlier commit, use the "reword" option in
interactive rebase. For example, to reword one of the last three commits:

.. code-block:: shell

    git rebase -i HEAD~3

This opens an editor listing the three commits, each prefixed with the word
"pick". Change "pick" to "reword" (or "r") on the line of the commit you want
to change, then save and close. A new editor will open for each commit marked
as "reword", allowing you to update the message.

See :ref:`committing-guidelines` for the required commit message format.

After rewriting a commit that has already been pushed to GitHub, you will need
to force-push your branch:

.. code-block:: shell

    git push --force-with-lease origin ticket_xxxxx

Rebasing branches
-----------------

In the example above, you created two commits, the "Fixed #xxxxx  -- ..."
commit and the "Added two more tests ..." commit.

We do not want to have the entire history of your working process in your
repository. Your commit "Added two more tests" would be unhelpful noise.
Instead, we would rather only have one commit containing all your work.

To rework the history of your branch you can squash the commits into one by
using interactive rebase:

.. code-block:: shell

    git rebase -i HEAD~2

The HEAD~2 above is shorthand for two latest commits. The above command
will open an editor showing the two commits, prefixed with the word "pick".

Change "pick" on the second line to "squash" instead. This will keep the
first commit, and squash the second commit into the first one. Save and quit
the editor. A second editor window should open, so you can reword the
commit message for the commit now that it includes both your steps.

You can also use the "edit" option in rebase. This way you can change a single
commit, for example to fix a typo in a docstring:

.. code-block:: shell

    git rebase -i HEAD~3
    # Choose edit, pick, pick for the commits
    # Now you are able to rework the commit (use git add normally to add changes)
    # When finished, commit work with "--amend" and continue
    git commit --amend
    # Reword the commit message if needed
    git rebase --continue
    # The second and third commits should be applied.

If your topic branch is already published at GitHub, for example if you're
making minor changes to take into account a review, you will need to force-push
the changes:

.. code-block:: shell

    git push --force-with-lease origin ticket_xxxxx

Note that this will rewrite history of ticket_xxxxx - if you check the commit
hashes before and after the operation at GitHub you will notice that the commit
hashes do not match anymore. This is acceptable, as the branch is a topic
branch, and nobody should be basing their work on it.

After upstream has changed
--------------------------

When upstream (``django/django``) has changed, you should rebase your work. To
do this, use:

.. code-block:: shell

  git fetch upstream
  git rebase upstream/main

The work is automatically rebased using the branch you forked on, in the
example case using ``upstream/main``.

The rebase command removes all your local commits temporarily, applies the
upstream commits, and then applies your local commits again on the work.

If there are merge conflicts, you will need to resolve them and then use ``git
rebase --continue``. At any point you can use ``git rebase --abort`` to return
to the original state.

Note that you want to *rebase* on upstream, not *merge* the upstream.

The reason for this is that by rebasing, your commits will always be *on
top of* the upstream's work, not *mixed in with* the changes in the upstream.
This way your branch will contain only commits related to its topic, which
makes squashing easier.

After review
------------

It is unusual to get any non-trivial amount of code into core without changes
requested by reviewers. In this case, it is often a good idea to add the
changes as one incremental commit to your work. This allows the reviewer to
easily check what changes you have done.

In this case, do the changes required by the reviewer. Commit as often as
necessary. Before publishing the changes, rebase your work. If you added two
commits, you would run:

.. code-block:: shell

    git rebase -i HEAD~2

Squash the second commit into the first. Write a commit message along the lines
of:

.. code-block:: text

    Made changes asked in review by <reviewer>.

    - Fixed whitespace errors in foobar.
    - Reworded the docstring of bar().

Finally, push your work back to your GitHub repository. Since you didn't touch
the public commits during the rebase, you should not need to force-push:

.. code-block:: shell

    git push origin ticket_xxxxx

Your pull request should now contain the new commit too.

Note that the merger is likely to squash the review commit into the previous
commit when committing the code.

Working on a patch
==================

One of the ways that developers can contribute to Django is by reviewing
patches. Those patches will typically exist as pull requests on GitHub and
can be easily integrated into your local repository:

.. code-block:: shell

    git checkout -b pull_xxxxx upstream/main
    curl -L https://github.com/django/django/pull/xxxxx.patch | git am

This will create a new branch and then apply the changes from the pull request
to it. At this point you can run the tests or do anything else you need to
do to investigate the quality of the patch.

For more detail on working with pull requests see the
:ref:`guidelines for mergers <handling-pull-requests>`.

Summary
=======

* Work on GitHub if you can.
* Announce your work on the Trac ticket by linking to your GitHub branch.
* When you have something ready, make a pull request.
* Make your pull requests as good as you can.
* When doing fixes to your work, use ``git rebase -i`` to squash the commits.
* When upstream has changed, do ``git fetch upstream; git rebase``.
