Type: nic - Incus documentation
Description: Network devices, also referred to as Network Interface Controllers or NICs, supply a connection to a network. Incus supports several different types of network devices ( NIC types). nictype vs. net...

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# Type: `nic`

Note

The `nic` device type is supported for both containers and VMs.

NICs support hotplugging for both containers and VMs (with the exception of the `ipvlan` NIC type).

Network devices, also referred to as Network Interface Controllers or NICs, supply a connection to a network. Incus supports several different types of network devices (NIC types).

Note

When using a USB network adapter with a VM, mainline QEMU will replace the leading two bytes of a MAC address with `40:`. Those affected by this may want to manually set the `hwaddr` property to a MAC address starting with `40:` to align the host and guest reporting of the MAC.

## `nictype` vs. `network`

When adding a network device to an instance, there are two methods to specify the type of device that you want to add: through the `nictype` device option or the `network` device option.

These two device options are mutually exclusive, and you can specify only one of them when you create a device. However, note that when you specify the `network` option, the `nictype` option is derived automatically from the network type.

`nictype`

  When using the `nictype` device option, you can specify a network interface that is not controlled by Incus. Therefore, you must specify all information that Incus needs to use the network interface.

  When using this method, the `nictype` option must be specified when creating the device, and it cannot be changed later.

`network`

  When using the `network` device option, the NIC is linked to an existing managed network. In this case, Incus has all required information about the network, and you need to specify only the network name when adding the device.

  When using this method, Incus derives the `nictype` option automatically. The value is read-only and cannot be changed.

  Other device options that are inherited from the network are marked with a “yes” in the “Managed” column of the NIC-specific tables of device options. You cannot customize these options directly for the NIC if you’re using the `network` method.

See About networking for more information.

## Available NIC types

The following NICs can be added using the `nictype` or `network` options:

- `bridged`: Uses an existing bridge on the host and creates a virtual device pair to connect the host bridge to the instance.

- `macvlan`: Sets up a new network device based on an existing one, but using a different MAC address.

- `sriov`: Passes a virtual function of an SR-IOV-enabled physical network device into the instance.

- `physical`: Passes a physical device from the host through to the instance. The targeted device will vanish from the host and appear in the instance.

The following NICs can be added using only the `network` option:

- `ovn`: Uses an existing OVN network and creates a virtual device pair to connect the instance to it.

The following NICs can be added using only the `nictype` option:

- `ipvlan`: Sets up a new network device based on an existing one, using the same MAC address but a different IP.

- `p2p`: Creates a virtual device pair, putting one side in the instance and leaving the other side on the host.

- `routed`: Creates a virtual device pair to connect the host to the instance and sets up static routes and proxy ARP/NDP entries to allow the instance to join the network of a designated parent interface.

The available device options depend on the NIC type and are listed in the tables in the following sections.

### `nictype`: `bridged`

Note

You can select this NIC type through the `nictype` option or the `network` option (see Bridge network for information about the managed `bridge` network).

A `bridged` NIC uses an existing bridge on the host and creates a virtual device pair to connect the host bridge to the instance.

#### Device options

NIC devices of type `bridged` have the following device options:

`attached`

Whether the NIC is plugged in or not

Key: | `attached`
Type: | bool
Default: | `true`
Required: | no

`boot.priority`

Boot priority for VMs (higher value boots first)

Key: | `boot.priority`
Type: | integer
Managed: | no

`connected`

Whether the NIC is connected to the host network

Key: | `connected`
Type: | bool
Default: | `true`
Required: | no

`host_name`

The name of the interface on the host

Key: | `host_name`
Type: | string
Default: | randomly assigned
Managed: | no

`hwaddr`

The MAC address of the new interface

Key: | `hwaddr`
Type: | string
Default: | randomly assigned
Managed: | no

`io.bus`

Override the bus for the device (can be `virtio` or `usb`) (VM only)

Key: | `io.bus`
Type: | string
Default: | `virtio`
Managed: | no

`ipv4.address`

An IPv4 address to assign to the instance through DHCP (can be `none` to restrict all IPv4 traffic when `security.ipv4_filtering` is set, or a CIDR value to statically configure the address inside an OCI container)

Key: | `ipv4.address`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv4.gateway`

IPv4 default gateway to statically configure inside an OCI container

Key: | `ipv4.gateway`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv4.routes`

Comma-delimited list of IPv4 static routes to add on host to NIC

Key: | `ipv4.routes`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv4.routes.external`

Comma-delimited list of IPv4 static routes to route to the NIC and publish on uplink network (BGP)

Key: | `ipv4.routes.external`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv6.address`

An IPv6 address to assign to the instance through DHCP (can be `none` to restrict all IPv6 traffic when `security.ipv6_filtering` is set, or a CIDR value to statically configure the address inside an OCI container)

Key: | `ipv6.address`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv6.gateway`

IPv6 default gateway to statically configure inside an OCI container

Key: | `ipv6.gateway`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv6.routes`

Comma-delimited list of IPv6 static routes to add on host to NIC

Key: | `ipv6.routes`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv6.routes.external`

Comma-delimited list of IPv6 static routes to route to the NIC and publish on uplink network (BGP)

Key: | `ipv6.routes.external`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`limits.egress`

I/O limit in bit/s for outgoing traffic (various suffixes supported, see Units for storage, memory and network limits)

Key: | `limits.egress`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`limits.ingress`

I/O limit in bit/s for incoming traffic (various suffixes supported, see Units for storage, memory and network limits)

Key: | `limits.ingress`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`limits.max`

I/O limit in bit/s for both incoming and outgoing traffic (same as setting both limits.ingress and limits.egress)

Key: | `limits.max`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`limits.priority`

The priority for outgoing traffic, to be used by the kernel queuing discipline to prioritize network packets

Key: | `limits.priority`
Type: | integer
Managed: | no

`mtu`

The Maximum Transmit Unit (MTU) of the new interface

Key: | `mtu`
Type: | integer
Default: | MTU of the parent device
Managed: | yes

`name`

The name of the interface inside the instance

Key: | `name`
Type: | string
Default: | kernel assigned
Managed: | no

`network`

The managed network to link the device to (instead of specifying the `nictype` directly)

Key: | `network`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`parent`

The name of the parent host device (required if specifying the `nictype` directly)

Key: | `parent`
Type: | string
Managed: | yes

`queue.tx.length`

The transmit queue length for the NIC

Key: | `queue.tx.length`
Type: | integer
Managed: | no

`security.acls`

Comma-separated list of network ACLs to apply

Key: | `security.acls`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`security.acls.default.egress.action`

Action to use for egress traffic that doesn’t match any ACL rule

Key: | `security.acls.default.egress.action`
Type: | string
Default: | drop
Managed: | no

`security.acls.default.egress.logged`

Whether to log egress traffic that doesn’t match any ACL rule

Key: | `security.acls.default.egress.logged`
Type: | bool
Default: | false
Managed: | no

`security.acls.default.ingress.action`

Action to use for ingress traffic that doesn’t match any ACL rule

Key: | `security.acls.default.ingress.action`
Type: | string
Default: | drop
Managed: | no

`security.acls.default.ingress.logged`

Whether to log ingress traffic that doesn’t match any ACL rule

Key: | `security.acls.default.ingress.logged`
Type: | bool
Default: | false
Managed: | no

`security.ipv4_filtering`

Prevent the instance from spoofing another instance’s IPv4 address (enables `security.mac_filtering`)

Key: | `security.ipv4_filtering`
Type: | bool
Default: | false
Managed: | no

`security.ipv6_filtering`

Prevent the instance from spoofing another instance’s IPv6 address (enables `security.mac_filtering`)

Key: | `security.ipv6_filtering`
Type: | bool
Default: | false
Managed: | no

`security.mac_filtering`

Prevent the instance from spoofing another instance’s MAC address

Key: | `security.mac_filtering`
Type: | bool
Default: | false
Managed: | no

`security.port_isolation`

Prevent the NIC from communicating with other NICs in the network that have port isolation enabled

Key: | `security.port_isolation`
Type: | bool
Default: | false
Managed: | no

`vlan`

The VLAN ID to use for non-tagged traffic (can be none to remove port from default VLAN)

Key: | `vlan`
Type: | integer
Managed: | no

`vlan.tagged`

Comma-delimited list of VLAN IDs or VLAN ranges to join for tagged traffic

Key: | `vlan.tagged`
Type: | integer
Managed: | no

### `nictype`: `macvlan`

Note

You can select this NIC type through the `nictype` option or the `network` option (see Macvlan network for information about the managed `macvlan` network).

A `macvlan` NIC sets up a new network device based on an existing one, but using a different MAC address.

If you are using a `macvlan` NIC, communication between the Incus host and the instances is not possible. Both the host and the instances can talk to the gateway, but they cannot communicate directly.

#### Device options

NIC devices of type `macvlan` have the following device options:

`attached`

Whether the NIC is plugged in or not

Key: | `attached`
Type: | bool
Default: | `true`
Required: | no

`boot.priority`

Boot priority for VMs (higher value boots first)

Key: | `boot.priority`
Type: | integer
Managed: | no

`connected`

Whether the NIC is connected to the host network (VM only)

Key: | `connected`
Type: | bool
Default: | `true`
Required: | no

`gvrp`

Register VLAN using GARP VLAN Registration Protocol

Key: | `gvrp`
Type: | bool
Default: | false
Managed: | no

`hwaddr`

The MAC address of the new interface

Key: | `hwaddr`
Type: | string
Default: | randomly assigned
Managed: | no

`io.bus`

Override the bus for the device (can be `virtio` or `usb`) (VM only)

Key: | `io.bus`
Type: | string
Default: | `virtio`
Managed: | no

`mode`

Macvlan mode (one of `bridge`, `vepa`, `passthru` or `private`)

Key: | `mode`
Type: | string
Default: | bridge
Managed: | no

`mtu`

The Maximum Transmit Unit (MTU) of the new interface

Key: | `mtu`
Type: | integer
Default: | MTU of the parent device
Managed: | yes

`name`

The name of the interface inside the instance

Key: | `name`
Type: | string
Default: | kernel assigned
Managed: | no

`network`

The managed network to link the device to (instead of specifying the `nictype` directly)

Key: | `network`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`parent`

The name of the parent host device (required if specifying the `nictype` directly)

Key: | `parent`
Type: | string
Managed: | yes

`vlan`

The VLAN ID to attach to

Key: | `vlan`
Type: | integer
Managed: | no

### `nictype`: `sriov`

Note

You can select this NIC type through the `nictype` option or the `network` option (see SR-IOV network for information about the managed `sriov` network).

An `sriov` NIC passes a virtual function of an SR-IOV-enabled physical network device into the instance.

An SR-IOV-enabled network device associates a set of virtual functions (VFs) with the single physical function (PF) of the network device. PFs are standard PCIe functions. VFs, on the other hand, are very lightweight PCIe functions that are optimized for data movement. They come with a limited set of configuration capabilities to prevent changing properties of the PF.

Given that VFs appear as regular PCIe devices to the system, they can be passed to instances just like a regular physical device.

VF allocation

  The `sriov` interface type expects to be passed the name of an SR-IOV enabled network device on the system via the `parent` property. Incus then checks for any available VFs on the system.

  By default, Incus allocates the first free VF it finds. If it detects that either none are enabled or all currently enabled VFs are in use, it bumps the number of supported VFs to the maximum value and uses the first free VF. If all possible VFs are in use or the kernel or card doesn’t support incrementing the number of VFs, Incus returns an error.

  Note

  If you need Incus to use a specific VF, use a `physical` NIC instead of a `sriov` NIC and set its `parent` option to the VF name.

#### Device options

NIC devices of type `sriov` have the following device options:

`attached`

Whether the NIC is plugged in or not

Key: | `attached`
Type: | bool
Default: | `true`
Required: | no

`boot.priority`

Boot priority for VMs (higher value boots first)

Key: | `boot.priority`
Type: | integer
Managed: | no

`hwaddr`

The MAC address of the new interface

Key: | `hwaddr`
Type: | string
Default: | randomly assigned
Managed: | no

`mtu`

The Maximum Transmit Unit (MTU) of the new interface

Key: | `mtu`
Type: | integer
Default: | kernel assigned
Managed: | yes

`name`

The name of the interface inside the instance

Key: | `name`
Type: | string
Default: | kernel assigned
Managed: | no

`network`

The managed network to link the device to (instead of specifying the `nictype` directly)

Key: | `network`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`parent`

The name of the parent host device (required if specifying the `nictype` directly)

Key: | `parent`
Type: | string
Managed: | yes

`pci`

The PCI address of the parent host device

Key: | `pci`
Type: | string
Required: | no

`productid`

The product ID of the parent host device

Key: | `productid`
Type: | string
Required: | no

`security.mac_filtering`

Prevent the instance from spoofing another instance’s MAC address

Key: | `security.mac_filtering`
Type: | bool
Default: | false
Managed: | no

`security.trusted`

Allows the instance to configure the NIC in ways that may negatively impact security.

Key: | `security.trusted`
Type: | bool
Default: | false, if supported by parent device
Managed: | no

`vendorid`

The vendor ID of the parent host device

Key: | `vendorid`
Type: | string
Required: | no

`vlan`

The VLAN ID to attach to

Key: | `vlan`
Type: | integer
Managed: | no

### `nictype`: `ovn`

Note

You can select this NIC type only through the `network` option (see OVN network for information about the managed `ovn` network).

An `ovn` NIC uses an existing OVN network and creates a virtual device pair to connect the instance to it.

SR-IOV hardware acceleration

  To use `acceleration=sriov`, you must have a compatible SR-IOV physical NIC that supports the Ethernet switch device driver model (`switchdev`) in your Incus host. Incus assumes that the physical NIC (PF) is configured in `switchdev` mode and connected to the OVN integration OVS bridge, and that it has one or more virtual functions (VFs) active.

  To achieve this, follow these basic prerequisite setup steps:

  1. Set up PF and VF:

     1. Activate some VFs on PF (called `enp9s0f0np0` in the following example, with a PCI address of `0000:09:00.0`) and unbind them.

     2. Enable `switchdev` mode and `hw-tc-offload` on the PF.

     3. Rebind the VFs.

         echo 4 > /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:09:00.0/sriov_numvfs
         for i in $(lspci -nnn | grep "Virtual Function" | cut -d' ' -f1); do echo 0000:$i > /sys/bus/pci/drivers/mlx5_core/unbind; done
         devlink dev eswitch set pci/0000:09:00.0 mode switchdev
         ethtool -K enp9s0f0np0 hw-tc-offload on
         for i in $(lspci -nnn | grep "Virtual Function" | cut -d' ' -f1); do echo 0000:$i > /sys/bus/pci/drivers/mlx5_core/bind; done

  2. Set up OVS by enabling hardware offload and adding the PF NIC to the integration bridge (normally called `br-int`):

         ovs-vsctl set open_vswitch . other_config:hw-offload=true
         systemctl restart openvswitch-switch
         ovs-vsctl add-port br-int enp9s0f0np0
         ip link set enp9s0f0np0 up

VDPA hardware acceleration

  To use `acceleration=vdpa`, you must have a compatible VDPA physical NIC. The setup is the same as for SR-IOV hardware acceleration, except that you must also enable the `vhost_vdpa` module and check that you have some available VDPA management devices :

      modprobe vhost_vdpa && vdpa mgmtdev show

#### Device options

NIC devices of type `ovn` have the following device options:

`acceleration`

Enable hardware offloading (either `none`, `sriov` or `vdpa`)

Key: | `acceleration`
Type: | string
Default: | none
Managed: | no

`attached`

Whether the NIC is plugged in or not

Key: | `attached`
Type: | bool
Default: | `true`
Required: | no

`boot.priority`

Boot priority for VMs (higher value boots first)

Key: | `boot.priority`
Type: | integer
Managed: | no

`connected`

Whether the NIC is connected to the host network (requires `acceleration` set to `none`)

Key: | `connected`
Type: | bool
Default: | `true`
Required: | no

`host_name`

The name of the interface inside the host

Key: | `host_name`
Type: | string
Default: | randomly assigned
Managed: | no

`hwaddr`

The MAC address of the new interface

Key: | `hwaddr`
Type: | string
Default: | randomly assigned
Managed: | no

`io.bus`

Override the bus for the device (can be `virtio` or `usb`, requires `acceleration` set to `none`) (VM only)

Key: | `io.bus`
Type: | string
Default: | `virtio`
Managed: | no

`ipv4.address`

An IPv4 address to assign to the instance through DHCP, `none` can be used to disable IP allocation (or a CIDR value to statically configure the address inside an OCI container)

Key: | `ipv4.address`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv4.address.external`

Select a specific external address (typically from a network forward)

Key: | `ipv4.address.external`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv4.gateway`

IPv4 default gateway to statically configure inside an OCI container

Key: | `ipv4.gateway`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv4.routes`

Comma-delimited list of IPv4 static routes to route to the NIC

Key: | `ipv4.routes`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv4.routes.external`

Comma-delimited list of IPv4 static routes to route to the NIC and publish on uplink network

Key: | `ipv4.routes.external`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv6.address`

An IPv6 address to assign to the instance through DHCP, `none` can be used to disable IP allocation (or a CIDR value to statically configure the address inside an OCI container)

Key: | `ipv6.address`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv6.address.external`

Select a specific external address (typically from a network forward)

Key: | `ipv6.address.external`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv6.gateway`

IPv6 default gateway to statically configure inside an OCI container

Key: | `ipv6.gateway`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv6.routes`

Comma-delimited list of IPv6 static routes to route to the NIC

Key: | `ipv6.routes`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`ipv6.routes.external`

Comma-delimited list of IPv6 static routes to route to the NIC and publish on uplink network

Key: | `ipv6.routes.external`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`limits.egress`

I/O limit in bit/s for outgoing traffic (various suffixes supported, see Units for storage, memory and network limits)

Key: | `limits.egress`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`limits.ingress`

I/O limit in bit/s for incoming traffic (various suffixes supported, see Units for storage, memory and network limits)

Key: | `limits.ingress`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`limits.max`

I/O limit in bit/s for both incoming and outgoing traffic. (same as setting both limits.ingress and limits.egress / mutually exclusive with limits.ingress and limits.egress)

Key: | `limits.max`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`limits.priority`

The priority for outgoing traffic, to be used by the kernel queuing discipline to prioritize network packets

Key: | `limits.priority`
Type: | integer
Default: | 100
Managed: | no

`mtu`

The Maximum Transmit Unit (MTU) of the new interface

Key: | `mtu`
Type: | integer
Default: | MTU of the parent network
Managed: | yes

`name`

The name of the interface inside the instance

Key: | `name`
Type: | string
Default: | kernel assigned
Managed: | no

`nested`

The parent NIC name to nest this NIC under (see also `vlan`)

Key: | `nested`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`network`

The managed network to link the device to (required)

Key: | `network`
Type: | string
Managed: | yes

`security.acls`

Comma-separated list of network ACLs to apply

Key: | `security.acls`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`security.acls.default.egress.action`

Action to use for egress traffic that doesn’t match any ACL rule

Key: | `security.acls.default.egress.action`
Type: | string
Default: | reject
Managed: | no

`security.acls.default.egress.logged`

Whether to log egress traffic that doesn’t match any ACL rule

Key: | `security.acls.default.egress.logged`
Type: | bool
Default: | false
Managed: | no

`security.acls.default.ingress.action`

Action to use for ingress traffic that doesn’t match any ACL rule

Key: | `security.acls.default.ingress.action`
Type: | string
Default: | reject
Managed: | no

`security.acls.default.ingress.logged`

Whether to log ingress traffic that doesn’t match any ACL rule

Key: | `security.acls.default.ingress.logged`
Type: | bool
Default: | false
Managed: | no

`security.promiscuous`

Have OVN send unknown network traffic to this network interface (required for some nesting cases)

Key: | `security.promiscuous`
Type: | bool
Default: | false
Managed: | no

`vlan`

The VLAN ID to use when nesting (see also `nested`)

Key: | `vlan`
Type: | integer
Managed: | no

Note

Note that using `none` with either `ipv4.address` or `ipv6.address` needs the other protocol to also be disabled. There is currently no way for OVN to disable IP allocation just on IPv4 or IPv6.

### `nictype`: `physical`

Note

- You can select this NIC type through the `nictype` option or the `network` option (see Physical network for information about the managed `physical` network).

- You can have only one `physical` NIC for each parent device.

A `physical` NIC provides straight physical device pass-through from the host. The targeted device will vanish from the host and appear in the instance (which means that you can have only one `physical` NIC for each targeted device).

#### Device options

NIC devices of type `physical` have the following device options:

`attached`

Whether the NIC is plugged in or not

Key: | `attached`
Type: | bool
Default: | `true`
Required: | no

`boot.priority`

Boot priority for VMs (higher value boots first)

Key: | `boot.priority`
Type: | integer
Managed: | no

`gvrp`

Register VLAN using GARP VLAN Registration Protocol

Key: | `gvrp`
Type: | bool
Default: | false
Condition: | container
Managed: | no

`hwaddr`

The MAC address of the new interface

Key: | `hwaddr`
Type: | string
Default: | randomly assigned
Condition: | container
Managed: | no

`mtu`

The Maximum Transmit Unit (MTU) of the new interface

Key: | `mtu`
Type: | integer
Default: | MTU of the parent device
Condition: | container
Managed: | no

`name`

The name of the interface inside the instance

Key: | `name`
Type: | string
Default: | kernel assigned
Managed: | no

`network`

The managed network to link the device to (instead of specifying the `nictype` directly)

Key: | `network`
Type: | string
Managed: | no

`parent`

The name of the parent host device (required if specifying the `nictype` directly)

Key: | `parent`
Type: | string
Managed: | yes

`vlan`

The VLAN ID to attach to

Key: | `vlan`
Type: | integer
Condition: | container
Managed: | no

`vlan.tagged`

Comma-delimited list of VLAN IDs or VLAN ranges to join for tagged traffic

Key: | `vlan.tagged`
Type: | integer
Condition: | container
Managed: | no

### `nictype`: `ipvlan`

Note

- This NIC type is available only for containers, not for virtual machines.

- You can select this NIC type only through the `nictype` option.

- This NIC type does not support hotplugging.

An `ipvlan` NIC sets up a new network device based on an existing one, using the same MAC address but a different IP.

If you are using an `ipvlan` NIC, communication between the Incus host and the instances is not possible. Both the host and the instances can talk to the gateway, but they cannot communicate directly.

Incus currently supports IPVLAN in L2 and L3S mode. In this mode, the gateway is automatically set by Incus, but the IP addresses must be manually specified using the `ipv4.address` and/or `ipv6.address` options before the container is started.

DNS

  The name servers must be configured inside the container, because they are not set automatically. To do this, set the following `sysctls`:

  - When using IPv4 addresses:

        net.ipv4.conf.<parent>.forwarding=1

  - When using IPv6 addresses:

        net.ipv6.conf.<parent>.forwarding=1
        net.ipv6.conf.<parent>.proxy_ndp=1

#### Device options

NIC devices of type `ipvlan` have the following device options:

`attached`

Whether the NIC is plugged in or not

Key: | `attached`
Type: | bool
Default: | `true`
Required: | no

`gvrp`

Register VLAN using GARP VLAN Registration Protocol

Key: | `gvrp`
Type: | bool
Default: | false

`hwaddr`

The MAC address of the new interface

Key: | `hwaddr`
Type: | string
Default: | randomly assigned

`ipv4.address`

Comma-delimited list of IPv4 static addresses to add to the instance (in l2 mode, these can be specified as CIDR values or singular addresses using a subnet of /24)

Key: | `ipv4.address`
Type: | string

`ipv4.gateway`

In `l3s` mode, whether to add an automatic default IPv4 gateway (can be `auto` or `none`). In `l2` mode, the IPv4 address of the gateway

Key: | `ipv4.gateway`
Type: | string
Default: | `auto` (in `l3s` mode), `-` (in `l2` mode)

`ipv4.host_table`

The custom policy routing table ID to add IPv4 static routes to (in addition to the main routing table)

Key: | `ipv4.host_table`
Type: | integer

`ipv6.address`

Comma-delimited list of IPv6 static addresses to add to the instance (in `l2` mode, these can be specified as CIDR values or singular addresses using a subnet of /64)

Key: | `ipv6.address`
Type: | string

`ipv6.gateway`

In `l3s` mode, whether to add an automatic default IPv6 gateway (can be `auto` or `none`). In `l2` mode, the IPv6 address of the gateway

Key: | `ipv6.gateway`
Type: | string
Default: | `auto` (in `l3s` mode), `-` (in `l2` mode)

`ipv6.host_table`

The custom policy routing table ID to add IPv6 static routes to (in addition to the main routing table)

Key: | `ipv6.host_table`
Type: | integer

`mode`

The IPVLAN mode (either `l2` or `l3s`)

Key: | `mode`
Type: | string
Default: | `l3s`

`mtu`

The Maximum Transmit Unit (MTU) of the new interface

Key: | `mtu`
Type: | integer
Default: | MTU of the parent device

`name`

The name of the interface inside the instance

Key: | `name`
Type: | string
Default: | kernel assigned

`parent`

The name of the host device (required)

Key: | `parent`
Type: | string

`vlan`

The VLAN ID to attach to

Key: | `vlan`
Type: | integer

### `nictype`: `p2p`

Note

You can select this NIC type only through the `nictype` option.

A `p2p` NIC creates a virtual device pair, putting one side in the instance and leaving the other side on the host.

#### Device options

NIC devices of type `p2p` have the following device options:

`attached`

Whether the NIC is plugged in or not

Key: | `attached`
Type: | bool
Default: | `true`
Required: | no

`boot.priority`

Boot priority for VMs (higher value boots first)

Key: | `boot.priority`
Type: | integer

`connected`

Whether the NIC is connected to the host network

Key: | `connected`
Type: | bool
Default: | `true`
Required: | no

`host_name`

The name of the interface on the host

Key: | `host_name`
Type: | string
Default: | randomly assigned

`hwaddr`

The MAC address of the new interface

Key: | `hwaddr`
Type: | string
Default: | randomly assigned

`io.bus`

Override the bus for the device (can be `virtio` or `usb`) (VM only)

Key: | `io.bus`
Type: | string
Default: | `virtio`

`ipv4.routes`

Comma-delimited list of IPv4 static routes to add on host to NIC

Key: | `ipv4.routes`
Type: | string

`ipv6.routes`

Comma-delimited list of IPv6 static routes to add on host to NIC

Key: | `ipv6.routes`
Type: | string

`limits.egress`

I/O limit in bit/s for outgoing traffic (various suffixes supported, see Units for storage, memory and network limits)

Key: | `limits.egress`
Type: | string

`limits.ingress`

I/O limit in bit/s for incoming traffic (various suffixes supported, see Units for storage, memory and network limits)

Key: | `limits.ingress`
Type: | string

`limits.max`

I/O limit in bit/s for both incoming and outgoing traffic (same as setting both limits.ingress and limits.egress)

Key: | `limits.max`
Type: | string

`limits.priority`

The priority for outgoing traffic, to be used by the kernel queuing discipline to prioritize network packets

Key: | `limits.priority`
Type: | integer

`mtu`

The Maximum Transmit Unit (MTU) of the new interface

Key: | `mtu`
Type: | integer
Default: | kernel assigned

`name`

The name of the interface inside the instance

Key: | `name`
Type: | string
Default: | kernel assigned

`queue.tx.length`

The transmit queue length for the NIC

Key: | `queue.tx.length`
Type: | integer

### `nictype`: `routed`

Note

You can select this NIC type only through the `nictype` option.

A `routed` NIC creates a virtual device pair to connect the host to the instance and sets up static routes and proxy ARP/NDP entries to allow the instance to join the network of a designated parent interface. For containers it uses a virtual Ethernet device pair, and for VMs it uses a TAP device.

This NIC type is similar in operation to `ipvlan`, in that it allows an instance to join an external network without needing to configure a bridge and shares the host’s MAC address. However, it differs from `ipvlan` because it does not need IPVLAN support in the kernel, and the host and the instance can communicate with each other.

This NIC type respects `netfilter` rules on the host and uses the host’s routing table to route packets, which can be useful if the host is connected to multiple networks.

IP addresses, gateways and routes

  You must manually specify the IP addresses (using `ipv4.address` and/or `ipv6.address`) before the instance is started.

  For containers, the NIC configures the following link-local gateway IPs on the host end and sets them as the default gateways in the container’s NIC interface:

      169.254.0.1
      fe80::1

  For VMs, the gateways must be configured manually or via a mechanism like `cloud-init` (see the how to guide).

  Note

  If your container image is configured to perform DHCP on the interface, it will likely remove the automatically added configuration. In this case, you must configure the IP addresses and gateways manually or via a mechanism like `cloud-init`.

  The NIC type configures static routes on the host pointing to the instance’s `veth` interface for all of the instance’s IPs.

Multiple IP addresses

  Each NIC device can have multiple IP addresses added to it.

  However, it might be preferable to use multiple `routed` NIC interfaces instead. In this case, set the `ipv4.gateway` and `ipv6.gateway` values to `none` on any subsequent interfaces to avoid default gateway conflicts. Also consider specifying a different host-side address for these subsequent interfaces using `ipv4.host_address` and/or `ipv6.host_address`.

Parent interface

  This NIC can operate with and without a `parent` network interface set.

  With the `parent` network interface set, proxy ARP/NDP entries of the instance’s IPs are added to the parent interface, which allows the instance to join the parent interface’s network at layer 2.

  To enable this, the following network configuration must be applied on the host via `sysctl`:

  - When using IPv4 addresses:

        net.ipv4.conf.<parent>.forwarding=1

  - When using IPv6 addresses:

        net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1
        net.ipv6.conf.<parent>.forwarding=1
        net.ipv6.conf.all.proxy_ndp=1
        net.ipv6.conf.<parent>.proxy_ndp=1

#### Device options

NIC devices of type `routed` have the following device options:

`attached`

Whether the NIC is plugged in or not

Key: | `attached`
Type: | bool
Default: | `true`
Required: | no

`connected`

Whether the NIC is connected to the host network

Key: | `connected`
Type: | bool
Default: | `true`
Required: | no

`gvrp`

Register VLAN using GARP VLAN Registration Protocol

Key: | `gvrp`
Type: | bool
Default: | false

`host_name`

The name of the interface on the host

Key: | `host_name`
Type: | string
Default: | randomly assigned

`hwaddr`

The MAC address of the new interface

Key: | `hwaddr`
Type: | string
Default: | randomly assigned

`io.bus`

Override the bus for the device (can be `virtio` or `usb`) (VM only)

Key: | `io.bus`
Type: | string
Default: | `virtio`

`ipv4.address`

Comma-delimited list of IPv4 static addresses to add to the instance

Key: | `ipv4.address`
Type: | string

`ipv4.gateway`

Whether to add an automatic default IPv4 gateway (can be `auto` or `none`)

Key: | `ipv4.gateway`
Type: | string
Default: | auto

`ipv4.host_address`

The IPv4 address to add to the host-side `veth` interface

Key: | `ipv4.host_address`
Type: | string
Default: | `169.254.0.1`

`ipv4.host_table`

Deprecated: Use `ipv4.host_tables` instead

Key: | `ipv4.host_table`
Type: | integer

The custom policy routing table ID to add IPv4 static routes to (in addition to the main routing table)

`ipv4.host_tables`

Comma-delimited list of routing tables IDs to add IPv4 static routes to

Key: | `ipv4.host_tables`
Type: | string
Default: | 254

`ipv4.neighbor_probe`

Whether to probe the parent network for IP address availability

Key: | `ipv4.neighbor_probe`
Type: | bool
Default: | true

`ipv4.routes`

Comma-delimited list of IPv4 static routes to add on host to NIC (without L2 ARP/NDP proxy)

Key: | `ipv4.routes`
Type: | string

`ipv6.address`

Comma-delimited list of IPv6 static addresses to add to the instance

Key: | `ipv6.address`
Type: | string

`ipv6.gateway`

Whether to add an automatic default IPv6 gateway (can be `auto` or `none`)

Key: | `ipv6.gateway`
Type: | string
Default: | auto

`ipv6.host_address`

The IPv6 address to add to the host-side `veth` interface

Key: | `ipv6.host_address`
Type: | string
Default: | `fe80::1`

`ipv6.host_table`

Deprecated: Use `ipv6.host_tables` instead

Key: | `ipv6.host_table`
Type: | integer

The custom policy routing table ID to add IPv6 static routes to (in addition to the main routing table)

`ipv6.host_tables`

Comma-delimited list of routing tables IDs to add IPv6 static routes to

Key: | `ipv6.host_tables`
Type: | string
Default: | 254

`ipv6.neighbor_probe`

Whether to probe the parent network for IP address availability

Key: | `ipv6.neighbor_probe`
Type: | bool
Default: | true

`ipv6.routes`

Comma-delimited list of IPv6 static routes to add on host to NIC (without L2 ARP/NDP proxy)

Key: | `ipv6.routes`
Type: | string

`limits.egress`

I/O limit in bit/s for outgoing traffic (various suffixes supported, see Units for storage, memory and network limits)

Key: | `limits.egress`
Type: | string

`limits.ingress`

I/O limit in bit/s for incoming traffic (various suffixes supported, see Units for storage, memory and network limits)

Key: | `limits.ingress`
Type: | string

`limits.max`

I/O limit in bit/s for both incoming and outgoing traffic (same as setting both limits.ingress and limits.egress)

Key: | `limits.max`
Type: | string

`limits.priority`

The priority for outgoing traffic, to be used by the kernel queuing discipline to prioritize network packets

Key: | `limits.priority`
Type: | integer

`mtu`

The Maximum Transmit Unit (MTU) of the new interface

Key: | `mtu`
Type: | integer
Default: | parent MTU

`name`

The name of the interface inside the instance

Key: | `name`
Type: | string
Default: | kernel assigned

`parent`

The name of the parent host device to join the instance to

Key: | `parent`
Type: | string

`queue.tx.length`

The transmit queue length for the NIC

Key: | `queue.tx.length`
Type: | integer

`vlan`

The VLAN ID to attach to

Key: | `vlan`
Type: | integer

`vrf`

The VRF on the host in which the host-side interface and routes are created

Key: | `vrf`
Type: | string

## `bridged`, `macvlan` or `ipvlan` for connection to physical network

The `bridged`, `macvlan` and `ipvlan` interface types can be used to connect to an existing physical network.

`macvlan` effectively lets you fork your physical NIC, getting a second interface that is then used by the instance. This method saves you from creating a bridge device and virtual Ethernet device pairs and usually offers better performance than a bridge.

The downside to this method is that `macvlan` devices, while able to communicate between themselves and to the outside, cannot talk to their parent device. This means that you can’t use `macvlan` if you ever need your instances to talk to the host itself.

In such case, a `bridge` device is preferable. A bridge also lets you use MAC filtering and I/O limits, which cannot be applied to a `macvlan` device.

`ipvlan` is similar to `macvlan`, with the difference being that the forked device has IPs statically assigned to it and inherits the parent’s MAC address on the network.